27,268 research outputs found
Feel Safe to Take More Risks? Insecure Attachment Increases Consumer Risk-Taking Behavior
open access articl
Three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamical simulations of the morphology of head-tail radio galaxies based on magnetic tower jet model
The distinctive morphology of head-tail radio galaxies reveals strong
interactions between the radio jets and their intra-cluster environment, the
general consensus on the morphology origin of head-tail sources is that radio
jets are bent by violent intra-cluster weather. We demonstrate in this paper
that such strong interactions provide a great opportunity to study the jet
properties and also the dynamics of intra-cluster medium (ICM). By
three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamical simulations, we analyse the detailed
bending process of a magnetically dominated jet, based on the magnetic tower
jet model. We use stratified atmospheres modulated by wind/shock to mimic the
violent intra-cluster weather. Core sloshing is found to be inevitable during
the wind-cluster core interaction, which induces significant shear motion and
could finally drive ICM turbulence around the jet, making it difficult for jet
to survive. We perform detailed comparison between the behaviour of pure
hydrodynamical jets and magnetic tower jet, and find that the jet-lobe
morphology could not survive against the violent disruption in all of our pure
hydrodynamical jet models. On the other hand, the head-tail morphology is well
reproduced by using a magnetic tower jet model bent by wind, in which
hydrodynamical instabilities are naturally suppressed and the jet could always
keep its integrity under the protection of its internal magnetic fields.
Finally, we also check the possibility for jet bending by shock only. We find
that shock could not bend jet significantly, so could not be expected to
explain the observed long tails in head-tail radio galaxies.Comment: submitted to ApJ on December 9, 2016, and accepted on March 1st, 201
Some Remarks on the Final State Interactions in Decays
Careful discussions are made on some points which are met in studying B decay
final state interactions, taking the process as an example.
We point out that --exchange rescatterings are not important, whereas for
and exchanges, since the decay has a large
branching ratio their contributions may be large enough to enhance the branching ratio significantly.
However our estimates fail to predict a large enhancement.Comment: 5 pages, use elsart.sty; The previous version is erroneous in
explaining the "charm peguin" effects. No large enhancement to
is found through intermediate stat
Photoproduction of in NRQCD
We present a calculation for the photoproduction of under the
framework of NRQCD factorization formalism. We find a quite unique feature that
the color-singlet contribution to this process vanishes at not only the leading
order but also the next to leading order perturbative QCD calculations and that
the dominant contribution comes from the color-octet
subprocess. The nonperturbative color-octet matrix element of
of is related to that of of by the heavy
quark spin symmetry, and the latter can be determined from the direct
production of at large transverse momentum at the Fermilib Tevatron.
We then conclude that the measurement of this process may clarify the existing
conflict between the color-octet prediction and the experimental result on the
photoprodution.Comment: 11 pages, revtex, 4 ps figure
A magnetohydrodynamic model for multi-wavelength flares from Sagittarius~A (I): model and the near-infrared and X-ray flares
Flares from the supermassive black hole in our Galaxy, Sagittarius~A
(Sgr A), are routinely observed over the last decade or so. Despite
numerous observational and theoretical efforts, the nature of such flares still
remains poorly understood, although a few phenomenological scenarios have been
proposed. In this work, we develop the Yuan et al. (2009) scenario into a
magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model for Sgr A flares. This model is
analogous with the theory of solar flares and coronal mass ejection in solar
physics. In the model, magnetic field loops emerge from the accretion flow onto
Sgr A and are twisted to form flux ropes because of shear and
turbulence. The magnetic energy is also accumulated in this process until a
threshold is reached. This then results in a catastrophic evolution of a flux
rope with the help of magnetic reconnection in the current sheet. In this
catastrophic process, the magnetic energy is partially converted into the
energy of non-thermal electrons. We have quantitatively calculated the
dynamical evolution of the height, size, and velocity of the flux rope, as well
as the magnetic field in the flare regions, and the energy distribution of
relativistic electrons in this process. We further calculate the synchrotron
radiation from these electrons and compare the obtained light curves with the
observed ones. We find that the model can reasonably explain the main
observations of near-infrared (NIR) and X-ray flares including their light
curves and spectra. It can also potentially explain the frequency-dependent
time delay seen in radio flare light curves.Comment: 17 pages, 13 figures, accepted by MNRA
Generalized Batch Normalization: Towards Accelerating Deep Neural Networks
Utilizing recently introduced concepts from statistics and quantitative risk
management, we present a general variant of Batch Normalization (BN) that
offers accelerated convergence of Neural Network training compared to
conventional BN. In general, we show that mean and standard deviation are not
always the most appropriate choice for the centering and scaling procedure
within the BN transformation, particularly if ReLU follows the normalization
step. We present a Generalized Batch Normalization (GBN) transformation, which
can utilize a variety of alternative deviation measures for scaling and
statistics for centering, choices which naturally arise from the theory of
generalized deviation measures and risk theory in general. When used in
conjunction with the ReLU non-linearity, the underlying risk theory suggests
natural, arguably optimal choices for the deviation measure and statistic.
Utilizing the suggested deviation measure and statistic, we show experimentally
that training is accelerated more so than with conventional BN, often with
improved error rate as well. Overall, we propose a more flexible BN
transformation supported by a complimentary theoretical framework that can
potentially guide design choices.Comment: accepted at AAAI-1
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